Condensation-&-Heat Extraction Steam Turbine Plant KT-100-6, 7 Designed for the Construction of a Full-Scale Pilot Power-Generation Unit KT-100-6 with the Reactor Plant LBFR-100
Shvecov V.L.; Kozheshkurt I.I.; Palkov S.A.; Palkov I.A.;
Abstract and Keywords
This scientific paper presents a new steam turbine unit KT-100-6,7 intended for the construction of a full-scale pilot power plant with the reactor plant LBFR-100 (lead-bismuth fast reactor), which is a prototype of serial nuclear systems used for regional and local power networks and one of the first of the world commercial reactors of a low power of the fourth generation. The consideration was given to the structural peculiarities of the turbine, its main parameters, technical characteristics, schematic thermal diagram, and also the main issues related to the heat supply from takeoffs with uncontrolled pressure. It has been shown that the steam-turbine plant can work both in condensation and heat-extraction operation conditions. The conclusion is made about the appropriateness of design and circuitry-related solutions with regard to the turbine plant KT-100-6,7, and a high degree of the unification of its elements developed and used for the production and operation by power stations.
Keywords: Turbine, reactor plant, thermal diagram, nuclear system, capacitor, and rotor.
References
1. Petrochenko, V. “O proekte SVBR-100.” Materialy iz oficial’nogo sajta Agentstva atomnyh novostej. Atominfo.ru, 2006. Web. 14 October 2013 . 2. Buzin, D. P., and E. I. Benenson. “Teplofikacionnye turbiny s chastichnoj teplovoj nagruzkoj.” Jenergomashinostroenie 1 (1972): 1–4. Print. 3. RTM 108.020.3386 Uplotnenija labirintovye stacionarnyh parovyh i gazovyh turbin i kompressorov. St. Petersburg: NPO CKTI, 1998. Print. 4. Levchenko, E. V., et. al. “Razrabotka poslednih stupenej parovyh turbin NPO “Turboatom”.” Teplojenergetika 4 (1994): 711. Print. 5. Virchenko, M. A., et al. “Turboustanovka KT-1070-60/1500.” Jenergomashinostroenie 8 (1986): 2–6. Print. 6. Kosjak, Ju. F., et al. “Turboustanovki s nereguliruemym davleniem v otborah dlja kombinirovannoj vyrabotki jelektricheskoj jenergii i teploty” Teplojenergetika 7 (1985): 6–12. Print.
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Shvecov V.L., Kozheshkurt I.I., Palkov S.A., Palkov I.A. Condensation-&-Heat Extraction Steam Turbine Plant KT-100-6, 7 Designed for the Construction of a Full-Scale Pilot Power-Generation Unit KT-100-6 with the Reactor Plant LBFR-100 . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 5-15.
Developing the Flow Pass for the Intermediate-Pressure Cylinder of the Steam Turbine T-125/150-12,8 Using New Computer-Based Technologies
Rusanov A.V.; Shubenko A.L.; Kultyshev A.Yu.; Bilan V.N.; Stepanov M.Yu.; Seneckiy A.V.; Paschenko N.V.;
Abstract and Keywords
The results of the computation of three-dimensional flows for two modifications of intermediate-pressure cylinders (IPC) used for heat-extraction turbines T-100, in particular T-120/130-12,8 is the turbine, which is already in use and T-125/150-12,8 is a new turbine. The numerical research was done using the bundled software IPMFlow. Initial gas-dynamic data required for the numeric investigation were taken from the data of thermal computations done by the Urals Turbine Works. A preliminary design of the new turbine was done using the methods that were developed by the specialists of the Urals Turbine Works. The flow pass of the intermediate – pressure cylinder for the T-120/130-12,8 turbine was designed using a new method of parameterization and analytical profiling of the blades. It has been shown that an essential increase in the efficiency factor was achieved for the developed intermediate-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine using up-to-date profiles and seals and reshaping meridian contours. The efficiency factor was increased by 2,9 % in the case, when humidity losses were not taken into consideration, and by 2,2 % when humidity losses were taken into consideration and it made up 92,3 % and 90,1 %, accordingly.
Keywords: steam turbine, intermediate-pressure cylinder (IPC), flow pass, three-dimensional flow, design studies.
References
1. ZAO “Ural’skij turbinnyj zavod”. “ZAO “Ural’skij turbinnyj zavod”.” ZAO “Ural’skij turbinnyj zavod”. ZAO “Ural’skij turbinnyj zavod”. 2010. Web. 01 February 2014 . 2. Jershov, S. V., and A. V. Rusanov. Kompleks program rozrahunku tryvymirnyh techij gazu v bagatovincevyh turbomashynah “FlowER”. U PA 77. 19 February 1996. 3. Rusanov, A. V., and S. V. Ershov. Matematicheskoe modelirovanie nestacionarnyh gazodinamicheskih processov v protochnyh chastjah turbomashin. Kharkov: IPMash NAN Ukrainy, 2008. Print. 4. Working Group. “Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam” (TPWS). “Revised Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use.” IAPWS (The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam). IAPWS, 2013. Web. 01 February 2014 . 5. Rusanov, A. V., P. Lampart and N. V. Pashhenko. “Modelirovanie 3D techenij v protochnoj chasti CND parovoj turbiny s ispol’zovaniem sistemy uravnenij termodinamicheskih svojstv vody i vodjanogo para IAPWS-95.” Aviacionno-kosmicheskaja tehnika i tehnologija 7(94) (2012): 107–113. ISSN 1727-7337. Print. 6. Lampart, P., S. Yershov and A. Rusanov. “Validation of turbomachinery flow solver on turbomachinery test cases” International conference SYMKOM’02: Compressor & turbine stage flow path theory, experiment & user verification, Cieplne Maszyny Przeplywowe. Turbomachinery, Politechnika Lodzka, Lodz, Poland. No. 122. 2002. 63–70. Print. 7. Homylev, S. A., S. B. Reznik ans S. V. Ershov. “Chislennoe issledovanie obtekanija turbinnyh reshetok profilej: chast’ 1 – verifikacija raschetnogo metoda” Jenergeticheskie i teplotehnicheskie processy i oborudovanie. Vestnik NTU “HPI”. No. 6. Kharkov: NTU “HPI”, 2008. 23–31. Print. 8. Rusanov, A. V., N. V. Pashhenko and A. I. Kos’janova. “Metod analiticheskogo profilirovanija lopatochnyh vencov protochnyh chastej osevyh turbin.” Vostochno-Evropejskij zhurnal peredovyh tehnologij 2/7(38) (2009): 32–37. ISSN 1729-3774. Print. 9. Bojko, A. V., and Ju. N. Govorushhenko. Osnovy teorii optimal’nogo proektirovanija protochnoj chasti osevyh turbomashin. Kharkov: Vishha shkola, 1989. ISBN 5-11-000692-X. Print. 10. Bilan, A. V., and V. N. Bilan. “Avtomatizirovannoe proektirovanie lopatok parovyh turbin.” Kompressornoe i jenergeticheskoe mashinostroenie 3(5) (2006): 66–68. Print.
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Rusanov A.V., Shubenko A.L., Kultyshev A.Yu., Bilan V.N., Stepanov M.Yu., Seneckiy A.V., Paschenko N.V. Developing the Flow Pass for the Intermediate-Pressure Cylinder of the Steam Turbine T-125/150-12,8 Using New Computer-Based Technologies . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 16-29.
Influence Produced by the Conservation Technique of the Flow Capacity of the Guiding Cascade on Spatial Optimization Data
Boiko A.V.; Govorushchenko Yu.N.; Barannik V.S.;
Abstract and Keywords
A spatial optimization of the standard profile of the turbine cascade was performed taking into consideration constraints provided for the flow rate of actuating medium and the profile strength. The optimization was carried out in two stages, in particular (i) search for an optimal option with the objective function of minimum integral losses (ii) change of the angle of setting for the optimal option obtained at the first stage to preserve flow rate of the actuating medium. The following geometric parameters were varied: profile setting angle, geometrical angle of flow output, the taper angle of entrance edge and the taper angle of the exit edge. An opportunity of an increase in the aerodynamic efficiency of the considered turbine profile has been demonstrated. In addition, for more detailed analysis of the results the diagrams for the distribution of losses along the turbine blade height have been given. The consideration has always been given to the method of the construction of turbine profiles using the Bezier curve.
Keywords: spatial optimization, turbine blade, functional constraints, initial shape of the blade, optimal shape of the blade, integral losses, Bezier curve.
References
1. Bojko, A. V., Ju. N. Govorushhenko and V. S. Barannik. “Prostranstvennaja optimizacija lopatki prjamoj turbinnoj reshetki s izmeneniem profilja po vysote.” Visnyk NTU “HPI”. Serija: Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. No. 14(988). Kharkiv: NTU “HPI”, 2013. 5–10. ISSN 2078-774Х. Print. 2. Bojko, A. V., et al. “Prostranstvennaja optimizacija profilja lopatki prjamoj turbinnoj reshetki.” Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. Visnyk NTU “HPI”. No. 8. Kharkiv: NTU “HPI”, 2012. 6–10. ISSN 2078-774X. Print. 3. Bojko, A. V., A. P. Usatyj and V. S. Barannik. “Povyshenie tochnosti formal’noj makromodeli pri planirovanii jeksperimenta.” Visnyk NTU “HPI’. Serija: Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. No. 12(986). Kharkiv: NTU “HPI”, 2013. С. 5–9. ISSN 2078-774X. Print. 4. Bojko, A. V., ey al. Ajerodinamicheskij raschet i optimal’noe proektirovanie protochnoj chasti turbomashin. Kharkiv: NTU “HPI”, 2002. ISBN 966-593-2284. Print. 5. Shhegljaev, A. V. Parovye turbiny. – Moskov: Jenergija, 1976. Print.
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Boiko A.V., Govorushchenko Yu.N., Barannik V.S. Influence Produced by the Conservation Technique of the Flow Capacity of the Guiding Cascade on Spatial Optimization Data . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 31-35.
On Aerodynamic Efficiency of the Cascade of Nozzle Blades of Powerful Steam Turbines
Lapuzin A.V.; Subbotovich V.P.; Yudin Yu.A.; Yudin A.Yu.; Shvecov V.L.; Kozheshkurt I.I.; Konev V.A.;
Abstract and Keywords
One of the main reasons for high end losses in the cascades of nozzle blades without extensions are a low height of the blades and high axial forces that act on the diaphragms of high pressure sections of powerful steam turbines. High axial forces result in the need for an increase in the axial width of cascades. The data of our experimental investigations and other experimental investigations of the cascades of nozzle blades were summarized and analyzed, and these showed positive influence on the aerodynamic cleanness of the cascades of extensions for standard profiles. It has been proved experimentally that the optimal design of the swivel blocks of blade channels for the cascade with relatively short blades done using the inverse aerodynamic problem allowed for a considerable decrease in total losses due to the certain share of end losses. The field of the application of the standard cascades of H4 and H4У type and the cascades with a wavy profile shape has been established. For the full-strength nozzle cascades a quantitative assessment of the influence of the shape of extensions on integral losses has been given. The consideration has been given to the influence produced by the inlet extension of the standard profile H4 on the profile losses and end losses.
Keywords: nozzle profile cascade, extension, end and profile losses, blade strains, and inverse aerodynamic problem
References
1. Fedorov, M. F., Ju. I. Pogorelov and V. A. Kusenko. “Jeksperimental’noe issledovanie koncevyh poter’ v konfuzornyh reshetkah i soplovyh segmentah diafragm parovoj turbiny.” Har’kovskij politehnicheskij institut. Ser. Mashinostroenie (turbinostroenie). Vol. XXIV.6. 1957. 15–37. Print. 2. OST 108.260.01-84. Profili napravljajushhih lopatok postojannogo sechenija parovyh stacionarnyh turbin. Tipy osnovnye parametry i razmery. Leningrad: NPO CKTI, 1985. Print. 3. Galacan, V. N., et al. “Issledovanie soplovyh turbinnyh lopatok s uvelichennym momentom soprotivlenija.” Teplojenergetika 5 (1990) 39–42. Print. 4. Zhirickij, G. S., and V. A. Strunkin. Konstrukcija i prochnost’ detalej parovyh turbin. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1968. Print. 5. Shubenko-Shubin, L. A., et al. Prochnost’ jelementov parovyh turbin. Moscow: Mashgiz, 1962. Print. 6. Grechanichenko, Ju. V., et al. “Poteri jenergii v lopatkah konechnoj dlinny pri bol’shih uglah ataki.” Teplojenergetika 4 (1994): 12–15. Print. 7. Dejch, M. E., Sh. V. Deler and B. A. Korshunov. “Jeksperimental’noe issledovanie soplovoj reshetki s umen’shennymi koncevymi poterjami.” Teplojenergetika 10 (1994): 39–42. Print. 8. Korshunov, B. A., et al. “Vlijanie otnositel’noj vysoty lopatok na poteri v turbinnyh soplovyh reshetkah.” Teplojenergetika 6 (2005): 19–22. Print. 9. Judin, A. Ju. Prjamaja, gibridnaja i obratnaja zadachi dlja optimal’nogo proektirovanija jelementov protochnoj chasti turbomashin: dis. … kand. tehn. nauk. Kharkov, 2005. Print.
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Lapuzin A.V., Subbotovich V.P., Yudin Yu.A., Yudin A.Yu., Shvecov V.L., Kozheshkurt I.I., Konev V.A. On Aerodynamic Efficiency of the Cascade of Nozzle Blades of Powerful Steam Turbines . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 36-43.
The Influence Produced on the Nonstationary Loadings and Vibrations of the Blades by the Partial Input into the Three-Stage Compartment of Axial Compressor
Gnesin V.I.; Kolodyazhnaya L.V.; Zhandkovski R.; Kolesnik A.A.;
Abstract and Keywords
To simulate aeroelastic behavior of the blade rings of the three-stage compartment of axial compressor we used the partially integral method to solve the coherent problem of the nonstationary aerodynamics and elastic vibrations of the blades. The three-dimensional nonstationary ideal gas flow is described by the Euler equation. A model approach was used for the dynamic analysis. The data of the numeric analysis of nonstationary aerodynamic loadings and aeroelastic oscillations of the blades in the three-stage compartment of the axial compressor which were exposed to the three dimensional flow of ideal gas at complete and partial input were given using the proposed method for the solution of the coherent problem of nonstationary aerodynamics and elastic vibrations of the blades. It has been shown that the average strain values of the blades at complete and partial input are actually the same, the partial input results in an increase of the vibration amplitude of the blades by a factor of 3 to 4 in comparison with the complete input.
Keywords: axial compressor, partial input, coherent problem, blade, nonstationary aerodynamic loadings, aeroelastic vibrations of the blades.
References
1. Boulbin, F., et al. “Turbine blade forces due to partial admission.” Revue Francaise de Mecanique 3 (1992): 203–208. Print. 2. Bohn, D. E., and H.H.-W. Funke. “Experimental investigations into the nonuniform flow in a four-stage turbine with special focus on the flow equalization in the first turbine stage.” Proceedings of the Turbo Expo. Vol. 6a. 2003. 281–289. Print. 3. Fridh, J. E., et al. “An experimental study on partial admission in a two-stage axial air test turbine with numerical comparison.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo. Vol. 5b. 2004. 1285–1297. Print. 4. Scopec, J., et al. “Partial steam admission in an axial turbine stage.” IMechE Conf. Trans c557(7) (1999): 681–686. Print. 5. Lampart, P., M. Szymaniak and R. Rzadkowski. “Unsteady load of partial admission control stage rotor of a large power steam turbine.” Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo. Vol. 5a. 2004. 237–246. Print. 6. Hushmandi, N. B., et al. “Numerical study of unsteady flow phenomena in a partial admission axial steam turbine” ASME Paper. GT2008-50538. Print. 7. Hushmandi, N. B., J. Fridh and T. Fransson. “Unsteady forces of rotor blades in full and partial admission turbines.” Journal of Turbomachinery 133 (2011): 041017-1-12. 8. Gnesin, V. I., L. Kolodyazhnaya and R. Rzadkowski. “A numerical modeling of stator-rotor interaction in a turbine stage with oscillating blades.” Journal of Fluid and Structure 19 (2004): 1141–1153. 9. Gnesin, V. I., R. Rzadkowski and L. Kolodyazhnaya. “A numerical modelling of the unsteady loads and aeroelastic oscillations for compressor stage.” Problemy mashinostroenija 10.4 (2007): С. 39–47. Print.
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Gnesin V.I., Kolodyazhnaya L.V., Zhandkovski R., Kolesnik A.A. The Influence Produced on the Nonstationary Loadings and Vibrations of the Blades by the Partial Input into the Three-Stage Compartment of Axial Compressor . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 44-53.
Double Jet Film Cooling of the Flat Surface: the Influence of External Turbulence
Khalatov A.A.; Panchenko N.A.; Borisov I.I.; Dashevskyy Yu.Ya.;
Abstract and Keywords
Improvement of the thermal efficiency of contemporary gas turbines can be reached through an increase in the cooling efficiency of applied cooling technologies. Traditional systems with angular parallel holes are characterized by the origination of secondary vortex structures that damage the cooling film. These phenomena are known to be mitigated by the use of the new configurations of film cooling with holes of complicated (shaped) profile. However, the manufacture of such holes faces specific process-related difficulties. The improvement of film cooling systems is required to reduce the influence of secondary structures, to maximally arrange the cooler in the transverse direction, and to decrease its mixing with the main flow. Such decisions were used for the double-jet system of angular parallel holes with composite double–jet supply angles of the cooler, in which complex interaction of cooling jets occurs. This scientific paper presents the results of experimental research of the advanced diagram for the double–jet film cooling of the flat surface. At low (m = 0,50) and moderate (m = 1,0) values of a blowing parameter the efficiency of the film cooling of the plate is by 20 % higher in comparison with the standard two-row system of parallel holes and corresponds to it at m = 1,50. The external turbulence of the flow (7 %) actually produces no influence on the efficiency of the film cooling of the plate, using the double-jet system of holes.
Keywords: double-jet film cooling, cooling efficiency and external turbulence.
References
1. Goldstein, R. J., and E. R. G. Eckert. “Effects of hole geometry and density on three-dimensional film cooling.” Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer 17.5 (1974): 595–607. Print. 2. Colban, W. F., K. A. Thole and D. Bogard. “A film-cooling correlation for shaped holes on a flat-plate surface.” ASME Journal of Turbomachinery 133.1 (011002) (2011): 11. Print. 3. Leedom, D. H. “Large eddy simulations of film cooling flow fields from cylindrical and shaped holes.” ASME Paper. No. GT-2008–51009. CD-ROM. 4. Kusterer, K., et al. “Film cooling effectiveness comparison between shaped- and double jet film cooling holes in a row arrangement.” ASME Рaper. No. GT-2010-22604. CD-ROM. 5. Volchkov, Je. P., B. A. Jubran and S. P. Alavi. Near wall film cooling. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1983. Print. 6. Baheri, S. “The effect of turbulence intensity on film cooling of gas turbine blade from trenched shaped holes.” ASME Рaper. No. GT-2008-50318. CD-ROM. 7. Halatov, A. A., et al. “The film cooling effectiveness over a flat plate using inclined holes arranged in spherical dimples.” Promyshlennaja teplotehnika 34.3 (2012): 5–12. 8. Dittmar, J., A. Schulz and S. Wittig. “Assessment of various film cooling configurations including shaped and compound angle holes based on large scale experiments.” ASME Journal of Turbomachinery 125.1 (2003): 57–64. Print.
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Khalatov A.A., Panchenko N.A., Borisov I.I., Dashevskyy Yu.Ya. Double Jet Film Cooling of the Flat Surface: the Influence of External Turbulence . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 54-61.
Physical Peculiarities of the Intensification of Heat Exchange for Media with High Prandtl Numbers in the Transition Region
Gotovsky M.A.; Sukhorukov Yu.G.; Georgievsky N.V.;
Abstract and Keywords
The heat exchangers with highly viscous media realize the motion with Re numbers that correspond to laminar and transition regions for the smooth channel. The use of artificial roughness (AR) allows us to achieve the degree of intensification, which depends on the Pr number, the higher this number the higher the intensification degree. To explain these results it is important to establish the difference between the progress of turbulence in intensified and smooth channels. New data obtained by Hao, Evold and Olsen allowed us to establish how quickly the distribution of the pulsations of transverse velocity and tangential stresses approaches the steady state as the Re number increases, after the transition to the turbulence. The turbulence origination zone in the smooth channel is situated in the range of 30<y+<40.The comparison of AR scales that specify a decrease in Rekr and the position of this zone in the smooth tube allowed us to make a conclusion that the vortex formation zone for the AR is situated closer to the wall as compared to the case of the turbulence generation according to the ordinary scenario. Thus, we can assume that the influence of vortexes generated on AR elements will produce a stronger influence on the heat emission of liquids with high Pr numbers, because for them the main thermal resistance is concentrated in a relatively thin layer. The described scheme allows for the explanation of experimental data provided by many authors and to provide a reliable prediction of the efficiency of heat exchange intensification as a function of Pr number.
Keywords: artificial roughness, heat exchange intensification, Prandtl number, and turbulence.
References
1. Gotovskij, M. A. “Intensifikacija teplootdachi s pomoshh’ju iskusstvennoj sherohovatosti pri chislah Rejnol’dsa, sootvetstvujushhih laminarnomu i perehodnomu rezhimam i vozmozhnosti ee prakticheskogo ispol’zovanija.” XVII Shkola-seminar molodyh uchenyh i specialistov pod ruk. akad. RAN A.I. Leont’eva. Vol. 2. Zhukovskij, 2009. 255–258. Print. 2. Gotovsky, M., and S. Isaev. “Heat Transfer Enhancement by Artificial Roughness at Reynolds numbers Related with Laminar and Transitional Regimes for High-Viscous Liquids.” Proc. of IHTC-14. No. 22303. Washington, 2010. CD-ROM. 3. Hao, Li, Randy Ewoldt and Michael G. Olsen. “Turbulent and transitional velocity measurements in a rectangular microchannel using microscopic particle image velocimetry.” Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 29 (2005): 435–446. Print. 4. Kunen, J. M. G. On the detection of coherent structures in turbulent flows: dis. … d-ra. Delft University, 1984. Print. 5. Petuhov, B. S., and V. V. Kirillov. “O teplootdache pri turbulentnom techenii v trubah.” Teplojenergetika 4 (1958): 63–68. 6. Gnielinski, V. “New equations for heat and mass transfer in turbulent pipe and channel flow.” Int. Chem. Eng. 16 (1976): 359–368. Print. 7. Corino, E. R., and R. S. Brodkey. “A visual investigation of the wall region in turbulent flow.” J. Fluid Mech. 37 (1969): 1–30. Print. 8. Shlihting, G. Teorija pogranichnogo sloja. Moscow: Nauka, 1969. Print. 9. Kalinin, Je. K., G. A. Drejcer and S. A. Jarho. Intensifikacija teploobmena v kanalah. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1990. Print. 10. Garcia, A., P.G. Vicente and A. Viedma. “Experimental study of heat transfer enhancement with wire coil inserts in laminar- transition-turbulent regimes at different Prandtl numbers.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005): 4640–4651. Print. 11. Eckhardt, B., et al. “Turbulence Transition in Pipe Flow. Annu. Rev.” Fluid Mech. 2007. – 39:447–68. 12. Rainieri, S., A. Farina and G. Pagliari. “Experimental investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop augmentation for laminar flow in spirally enhanced tubes.” Preprint of Parma University, Department of Industrial Engineering, 1996. Print. 13. Nukuradse, J. “Strromungsgesetze in Rauben Rohren.” Forsshg. Arb. Ing.-Wes. 361 (1933). Print. 14. Faindt, E. G. “Untersuchungen uber die Abhangigkeit des Umschlages laminat-turbulentvon der Uberflechenrauhigkeit und der Druckferteilung.” Jb. 1956 Schiffbautechn. No. 50. Gesellschaft, 1957. 180–203. Print. 15. Dryden, H. L. “Review of published data on the effect of roughness on transition from laminar to turbulent flow.” JAS 20 (1953): 477–482. Print. 16. Vicente, P. G., A. Garcia and A. Viedma. “Experimental investigation on heat transfer and frictional characteristics of spirally corrugated tubes in turbulent flow at different Prandtl numbers.” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (2004): 671–681. Print. 17. Vicente, P. G., A. Garcia and A. “Viedma Heat transfer and pressure drop for low Reynolds turbulent flow in helically dimpled tubes.” Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (2002): 543–553. Print. 18. Belen’kij, M. Ja., M. A. Gotovskij and B. S. Fokin. “Teplootdacha i soprotivlenie pri techenii v krugloj trube s intensifikaciej reguljarnoj sistemoj sfericheskih lunok i sfericheskih vystupov.” Trudy CKTI. No. 293. SPb, 2004. 36–48. Print. 19. Halatov, A. A. Teploobmen i gidrodinamika v poljah centrobezhnyh massovyh sil. T. 5. Teplomassoobmen i teplogidravlicheskaja jeffektivnost’ vihrevyh i zakruchennyh potokov. Kiev: ITF NAN Ukrainy, 2005. Print.
Please cite this article as
Gotovsky M.A., Sukhorukov Yu.G., Georgievsky N.V. Physical Peculiarities of the Intensification of Heat Exchange for Media with High Prandtl Numbers in the Transition Region . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 62-72.
Taking into Account the Temperature Factor for the Computation of Gas Turbine Cooling
Tarasov A.I.; Dolgov A.I.;
Abstract and Keywords
The analysis of the cooling system of gas turbines is based, as a rule, on the equations for heat emission coefficients that usually neglect the changeability of air properties. However, some experiments showed that heat emission coefficients in round section channels depend on the temperature factor, i.e. the relation of the channel wall temperature to the average air temperature in each of the channel sections. The use of these relations for flat channels required the computation of the cooling system for the guide blade of the gas turbine. As a result it was established that the introduction of the temperature factor for the computation of heat exchange in flat cooling channels results in an increased temperature of the blade surface by several tens of degrees ((30–60) C for this particular case). To prove the necessity of the use of the temperature factor for the computation of heat exchange in the cooling channels of other types we performed CFD-analysis. The heat exchange in the smooth round channel and in the round channel with cross ribs of low height, and also in the channel with square cross section and with the 180 turn of air flow has been analyzed. The cases were established, in which the temperature factor should be used for the computation of heat exchange in the cooling channels.
Keywords: temperature factor, gas turbine, cooling system, and heat emission coefficient.
References
1. Kutateladze, S. S. Osnovy teorii teploobmena. – Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1970. Print. 2. Kirillov, V. V., and Ju. S. Maljugin. “Mestnaja teplootdacha pri techenii gaza v trubah pri bol’shih temperaturnyh naporah.” Teplofizika vysokih temperatur 1.2 (1963): 254–259. Print. 3. Sukomel, A. S., V. I. Velichko and Ju.G. Abrosimov. Teploobmen i trenie pri turbulentnom techenii gaza v korotkih kanalah. Moscow: Jenergija, 1979. Print. 4. Tarasov, A. I., A. I. Dolgov, E. P. Avdeeva. “Vlijanie podogreva teplonositelja na teplootdachu v kanalah sistem ohlazhdenija.” Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. Visnyk NTU «HPI». No. 6. Kharkiv: NTU «HPI», 2011. 28–33. ISSN 2078-774X. Print. 5. Isachenko, V. P., V. A. Osipova, A. S. Sukomel. Teploperedacha. Moscow: Jenergija, 1969. Print. 6. Tarasov A. I., and A. I. Dolgov “THA (Thermal & Hydraulic Analysis).” Svidetel’stvo ob oficial’noj registracii programm dlja JeVM. Federal’naja sluzhba po intellektual’noj sobstvennosti, patentam i tovarnym znakam. RU Patent 2007610141. 10 November 2006. 7. Lokaj, V. I., et al. Teploperedacha v ohlazhdaemyh detaljah gazoturbinnyh dvigatelej letatel’nyh apparatov. – Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1985. Print. 8. Jekkert, Je. R., and R. M. Drejk. Teorija teplo- i massobmena. Moscow: Gosjenergoizdat, 1961. Print.
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Tarasov A.I., Dolgov A.I. Taking into Account the Temperature Factor for the Computation of Gas Turbine Cooling . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 73-82.
CFD Simulation of the Film Deposition of the Plate with Input Cylindrical Section
Petelchic V.Yu.;
Abstract and Keywords
The results of the numeric simulation of the film deposition of the plate with the multirow system of plain bores for the input cylindrical section have been given and the results of computed and experimental data have been compared. The simulation was done using the programming system ANSYS CFX. In addition to the RANS-simulation of the flow using different turbulence models the DES-simulation based on the direct modeling of the vortex structure of the flow was performed. The use of the DES-model recommended by many researchers provided the computational results very close to those obtained for the SST model. This paper gives also consideration to the use of the Reynolds Stress model of the BSL turbulence, which takes into account the anisotropy of turbulent viscosity. To increase the reliability of the results obtained during the computation of the efficiency of the film cooling we also considered the possibility of the adaptation of the SST-model of the turbulence through the updating of its constants. The proposed adaptation of the SST model of the turbulence allows for the approximation of the computational results of the efficiency of the film cooling to the experimental data.
Keywords: film deposition, turbulence model, film deposition efficiency, and a row of cylindrical openings.
References
1. Lee, K., S. Kim and K. Kim. “Numerical analysis of film-cooling performance and optimization for a novel shaped film-cooling hole.” ASME Paper. No. GT2012-68529. 2012. CD-ROM. 2. Harrison, K., and D. Bogard. “Comparison of RANS turbulence models for prediction of film cooling performance.” ASME Paper. No. GT2008-51423. 2008. CD-ROM. 3. Petel’chic, V. Ju., et al. “K voprosu povyshenija tochnosti RANS modelirovanija plenochnogo ohlazhdenija.” Aviacionno-kosmicheskaja tehnika i tehnologija 8 (105) (2013): 116–122. Print. 4. Mathew, S., S. Ravelli and D. Bogard. “Evaluation of CFD predictions using thermal field measurements on a simulated film cooled turbine blade leading edge.” ASME Paper. No. GT2011-46619. 2011. CD-ROM. 5. Mik, and Mejl. “Zavesnoe ohlazhdenie i teploobmen na lobovoj chasti zatuplennogo tela (vkljuchaja uchastok raspolozhenija otverstij vduva).” Sovremennoe mashinostroenie, serija A. No. 1. 1989. 71–80. Print. 6. Belov, I. A., and S. A. Isaev. Modelirovanie turbulentnyh techenij. Sankt-Peterburg, 2001. Print.
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Petelchic V.Yu. CFD Simulation of the Film Deposition of the Plate with Input Cylindrical Section . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 83-90.
Developing the Methods Used for the Computation of the Characteristics of Nonstationary Operating Processes in the Low-Emission Combustion Chambers of Gas Turbine Engines
Serbin S.I.; Mostipanenko A.B.; Kozlovskiy A.V.; Vantsovsky V.G.; Vilkul V.V.;
Abstract and Keywords
The use of the contemporary tools offered by computational hydrodynamics to study pulse processes that occur in the combustion chamber due to the specific features of the structure of heat tubes and the aerodynamic interaction of a compressor, combustion chamber and turbines has been discussed. The purpose of this scientific paper is to study and predict nonstationary processes that occur in the combustion chambers of gas turbine engines. The numeric experiment was carried out to determine the level of pressure pulsations in the combustion chamber of gas turbine engine. The results of numeric experiments that were carried out using three-dimensional mathematical models for combustion chambers operating on gaseous fuel adequately show physical and chemical processes of nonstationary combustion and can be recommended for the optimization of geometric and operational parameters of low emission combustion engines. The use of similar mathematical models is appropriate both for the development of the new types of combustion engines that operate on the depleted fuel-air mixture and also for the modernization of available chambers to develop constructive measures that can be taken to decrease the probability of the initiation of the pulsating combustion modes.
Keywords: gas turbine engine, combustion chamber, turbulent combustion, pulsating combustion, numeric methods, and mathematical simulation.
References
1. Serbin, S. I., G. B. Mostipanenko and A. V. Kozlovs’kyj. “Doslidzhennja procesiv nestacionarnogo gorinnja v kameri zgorjannja GTD.” Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. Visnyk NTU “HPI”. No. 6. Kharkiv: NTU “HPI”, 2012. 11–16. ISSN 2078-774Х. Print. 2. Serbin, S. I., and G. B. Mostipanenko “Chyslove modeljuvannja procesiv gorinnja v eksperymental’nomu vidsiku gibrydnoi’ kamery zgorjannja GTD potuzhnistju 25 MVt.” Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. Visnyk NTU “HPI”. No. 5. Kharkiv: NTU «HPI», 2006. 59–66. Print. 3. Matveev I., et al. “Arc modeling in a plasmatron channel.” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 36.1 (2008): 293–298. 4. Matveev, I. B., and S. I. Serbin. “Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Plasma-Assisted Combustion and Reformation System.” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 38.12 (2010): 3306–3312. Print. 5. Matveev, I. B., et al. “Plasma Fuel Nozzle as a Prospective Way to Plasma-Assisted Combustion.” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38.12 (2010): 3313–3318. 6. Serbin, S. I., and I. B. Matveev. “Theoretical Investigations of the Working Processes in a Plasma Coal Gasification System.” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38.12 (2010): 3300–3305. Print. 7. Serbin, S. I., A. B. Mostipanenko and I. B. Matveev. “Investigation of the working processes in a gas turbine combustor with steam injection.” Proceedings of the ASME/JSME 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. No. AJTEC2011-44042. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 2011. 6-11. Print.
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Serbin S.I., Mostipanenko A.B., Kozlovskiy A.V., Vantsovsky V.G., Vilkul V.V. Developing the Methods Used for the Computation of the Characteristics of Nonstationary Operating Processes in the Low-Emission Combustion Chambers of Gas Turbine Engines . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 91-95.
Using a Priori Information for the Synthesis of Engine Start Models [Text] / S. V. Yepifanov, F. F. Sirenko, S. I. Sukhovii
Yepifanov S.V.; Sirenko F.F.; Sukhovii S.I.;
Abstract and Keywords
This scientific paper is devoted to some aspects of the actual problem related to the simulation of processes that occur at the stage of starting the gas-turbine engine. Such models are required to create computer-aided control systems for engines and simulators. It has been shown that the traditional approach based on the extrapolation of the characteristics of units to the starting region has serious drawbacks. An alternative approach has been proposed at which the starting process is simulated using the linear dynamic model, which is identified on the basis of simplified statistical model with the broad application of experimental and a priori knowledge. The structure of the start model, which coincides with that of the mathematical model of the engine with regard to operating modes and also its mathematical formalization have been given. The sources of the a priori information have been analyzed and the place occupied by it during the formation of the model using the identification has been determined. Special attention was paid in this paper to the synthesis of simplified statistical characteristics done on the basis of a priori and experimental information.
Keywords: gas-turbine engine start, linear dynamic model, simplified statistical model, a priori information, gas-turbine engine characteristics.
References
1. Epifanov, S. V., F. F. Sirenko and I. I. Golovin. “Analiz metodik sinteza matematicheskih modelej gazoturbinnyh dvigatelej na jetape zapuska.” Aviacionno-kosmicheskaja tehnika i tehnologija 10/46 (2013): 128–135. ISSN 1727-7337. Print. 2. Epifanov, S. V., and R. L. Zelenskij. “Modelirovanie dinamiki turboval’nogo dvigatelja v sostave silovoj ustanovki letatel’nogo apparata.” Aviacionno-kosmicheskaja tehnika i tehnologija 10/57 (2008): 156–161. Print. 3. Epifanov, S. V., et al. “Sozdanie bystroschetnoj matematicheskoj modeli turboval’nogo dvigatelja na jetape zapuska dlja reshenija zadach sinteza sistem avtomaticheskogo upravlenija.” Aviacionno-kosmicheskaja tehnika i tehnologija 9/96 (2012): 234–242. ISSN 1727-7337. Print. 4. Ljubomudrov, Ju. V. Primenenie teorii podobija pri proektirovanii sistem upravlenija gazoturbinnyh dvigatelej. – Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1971. Print.
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Yepifanov S.V., Sirenko F.F., Sukhovii S.I. Using a Priori Information for the Synthesis of Engine Start Models [Text] / S. V. Yepifanov, F. F. Sirenko, S. I. Sukhovii . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 96-104.
Peculiarities of the Methods used for the Design of Control Valves Operating on the Boiling up Water Used for High-Pressure Heaters of Home and Foreign Nuclear Power Stations
Ukhanova M.G.; Trifonov N.N.; Svyatkin F.A.; Esin S.B.; Grigorieva E.B.;
Abstract and Keywords
The control valves (CV) of the heaters of the regeneration system are designed to control the level of the heating steam condensate in the steam space of the body of high pressure heater through the partial opening or closing of the valve in statistical and dynamic operating modes of the turbine plant. A peculiar feature of the CV is that it operates on the bubbling flow, which results in the intensive erosion-caused wear of the flow pass and valve body and it is accompanied by cavitations, noise and vibrations that affect the longevity and reliability of the fittings. This paper gives the description of the technique proposed by the PJSC “NPO CKTI” to design the valves that regulate the level in heat exchangers and the peculiarities of the technique. The structures proposed for new control valves and the results of the computation of technical characteristics of the valves and their influence on the operation of high-pressure heaters of a chamber type have been described
Keywords: control valve, high pressure heater, nuclear power station, computational methods, throttling and bubbling.
References
1. Blagov, Je. E., and B. Ja. Ivnickij. Drossel’no-regulirujushhaja armatura v jenergetike. Moscow: Jenergija, 1974. Print. 2. Fisenko, V. V. Kriticheskie dvuhfaznye potoki. Moscow: Atomizdat, 1978. Print. 3. Belokon’, N. I. Termodinamika. – Moscow: Gosjenergoizdat, 1954. Print. 4. Novikov, I. I. “Pokazatel’ adiabaty nasyshhennogo i vlazhnogo para.” Dokl. AN SSSR. Novaja ser. 59.8 (1948): 1425. Print. 5. Sychev, V. V. “Novoe uravnenie dlja pokazatelja adiabaty vlazhnogo para.” Teplojenergetika 3 (1961): 67. Print. 6. Trifonov, N. N., et al. “Regulirujushhij klapan.” Ru Patent 2179330 (MPK G05D7/00) 10 February 2002.
Please cite this article as
Ukhanova M.G., Trifonov N.N., Svyatkin F.A., Esin S.B., Grigorieva E.B. Peculiarities of the Methods used for the Design of Control Valves Operating on the Boiling up Water Used for High-Pressure Heaters of Home and Foreign Nuclear Power Stations . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 105-109.
Investigation and Analysis of the Use of the Programming System FlowVision HPC for the Computation of Characteristics of the Jet Turbine
Vanyeyev S.M.; Getalo V.V.; Korolov S.K.;
Abstract and Keywords
As of today the problem of energy saving in different branches of industry is of great importance. One of the main ways of the solving of this problem is considered to be the use of secondary power carriers, in particular in gas and chemical branches of industry. The utilization of the energy of compressed gases is a promising and important aspect which is taken into consideration during the solution of the energy-saving problem in the contemporary world. The jet turbine-based turbogenerators can be used for the utilization of the energy of compressed gasses, for example, for gas distribution stations. These systems provide simultaneous decrease and regulation of gas pressure and the performance of mechanical work on the turbine shaft converting it into the electric power. It should be noted that the electric energy production by gas distribution stations using turbogenerators is an energy intensive and ecologically friendly technology. This paper is devoted to the computation of the gas flow and plotting the characteristic of the jet turbine using the programming system FlowVision and it also compares the obtained results with those of processed experimental data.
Keywords: jet turbine, numerical simulation, torque moment, power, and efficiency factor.
References
1. Sajapin, V. V. “Optimizacija parametrov pnevmoprivoda so strujnym dvigatelem.” Pnevmatika i gidravlika. Privody i sistemy upravlenija. No. 10. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1984. 58–63. Print. 2. Sajapin, V. V., I. A. Marochkina. “Optimizacija parametrov strujnogo dvigatelja po kriteriju minimuma rashoda gaza.” Pnevmatika i gidravlika. Privody i sistemy upravlenija. No. 13. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1987. 96–102. Print. 3. Chashhin, V.A., et al. Pnevmoprivod sistem upravlenija letatel’nyh apparatov. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1987. Print. 4. Vaneev, S. M., et al. “Strujno-reaktivnyj dvigatel’ i vozmozhnosti ego ispol’zovanija.” Himicheskoe i neftjanoe mashinostroenie 6 (1990): 16-17. Print. 5. Vaneev, S. M., V. V. Getalo and S. K. Korolev. “Issledovanie strujno-reaktivnoj turbiny dlja turbodetandernogo agregata.” Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. Visnyk NTU «HPI». No. 8. Kharkiv: NTU «HPI», 2012. 82–90. ISSN 2078-774X. Print. 6. Vaneev, S. M., et al. “Issledovanie strujno-reaktivnoj turbiny dlja turbodetanderov v sistemah reducirovanija gaza.” Materialy VIII mezhdunarodnoj nauchno – tehnicheskoj konferencii posvjashhennoj 90-letiju Odesskoj gosudarstvennoj akademii holoda: Ustojchivoe razvitie i iskusstvennyj holod, 8-10 oktjabrja 2012 goda. 386–390. Print. 7. Vaneev, S. M., et al. “Issledovanie nereversivnoj strujno-reaktivnoj turbiny dlja turbodetandera s pomoshh’ju programmnogo kompleksa FlowVision.” Kompressornoe i jenergeticheskoe mashinostroenie 3(29) (2012): 22–28. Print. 8. Vaneev, S. M., V. V. Getalo and S. K. Korolev. “Issledovanie harakteristiki strujno-reaktivnoj turbiny s pomoshh’ju programmnogo kompleksa FlowVision.” Visnyk NTU «HPI». Serija: Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. No. 12(986). Kharkiv: NTU «HPI», 2013. 36–42. ISSN 2078-774Х. Print.
Please cite this article as
Vanyeyev S.M., Getalo V.V., Korolov S.K. Investigation and Analysis of the Use of the Programming System FlowVision HPC for the Computation of Characteristics of the Jet Turbine . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 110-117.
Comparison of 2D and 3D Design Models Used for the Assessment of the Residual Resource of the High Temperature Elements of the Steam Turbine
Chernоusenko O.Yu.;
Abstract and Keywords
The comparison of 2D and 3D design models used for the assessment of the residual resource of high-temperature elements of the steam turbine of a high power to prolong the life time of power generating units has been carried out. It has been shown that 2D models can be used for the estimated assessment of the residual resource of the rotors of high-pressure cylinders (HPC) and average pressure cylinders (APC). For HPC and APC bodies and for automated stop valves (ASV) of HPC and APC 3D models should be used due to the complexity of their structure, availability of flanges of horizontal joint and the peculiarities of the flow of actuating medium inside the bodies. The comparison of 2D and 3D models for the estimated assessment of the residual resource of high temperature elements of the steam turbine of 200MW showed that HPC and APC rotors can be examined in terms of resource characteristics using 2D models. The divergence of the results for the mode of deformation is within 2 to 5 %. This allows for the reduction of costs required for the numerical experiment, which is of great importance for the creation of program packages for the computer-aided systems of technical diagnostics and the resource counter. HPC and APC bodies and ASV bodies of HPC and APC require the use of 3D models due to the complexity of their structure, availability of flanges of horizontal joint and the peculiarities of the flow of actuating medium inside HPC and APC bodies and automated stop valve bodies of HPC and APC. The divergence of the results for the mode of deformation of 3D models is one order of magnitude higher in comparison with the data for 2D models. Such a difference will result in considerable degradation of resource characteristics and shortened time of the operation of HPC and APC bodies and automated stop valves bodies of high pressure cylinders and average pressure cylinders.
Keywords: residual resource, high temperature elements of steam turbine, rotor, body, high pressure cylinder and average pressure cylinder.
References
1. SOU-N MPE 40.1.17.401:2004. ND MPE Ukrai’ny. Kontrol’ metalu i prodovzhennja terminu ekspluatacii’ osnovnyh elementiv kotliv, turbin i truboprovodiv teplovyh elektrostancij: Typova instrukcija. Ed. V. Je. Dobrovol’s’kyj. Kiev: OEP GRIFRE, 2005. 2. RTM 108.021.103. Detali parovyh stacionarnyh turbin. Raschet na malociklovuju ustalost’. No. AZ-002/7382. Moscow, 1985. Print. 3. RD 34.17.440-96. Metodicheskie ukazanija o porjadke provedenija rabot pri ocenke individual’nogo resursa parovyh turbin i prodlenii sroka ih jekspluatacii sverh parkovogo resursa. Moscow, 1996. 4. Chernousenko, O. Ju. “Raschet utochnenija dopustimogo perioda sroka jekspluatacii korpusnyh detalej i rotorov K-200-130 st. № 13.” Otchet po dogovoru 15/2.07-240408-1L23/5.42.1 ot 24.04.2008g. Kiev: NTUU “KPI”, 2008. Print. 5. Chernousenko, O. Ju. “Rozrahunkove utochnennja podovzhennja terminu ekspluatacii’ korpusnyh detalej turbin (CVT, CST, korpusiv stopornyh ta reguljujuchyh klapaniv) ta rotoriv K–200-130 bloku 200 MVt st. № 6 SE Kurahovs’koi’ TES TOV “Vostokenergo.” Zvit po dogovoru 15/2.077 ot 01.12.2005g. Kiev: NTUU “KPI”, 2006. Print. 6. Chernousenko, O. Ju. “Rozrahunkove utochnennja podovzhennja terminu ekspluatacii’ korpusnyh detalej turbin (CVT, CST, korpusiv stopornyh ta reguljujuchyh klapaniv) ta rotoriv K–200-130 bloku 200 MVt st. №5 SE Kurahovs’koi’ TES TOV “Vostokenergo.” Zvit po dogovoru 15/2.084 ot 01.06.2006g. Kiev: NTUU “KPI”, 2006. Print.
Please cite this article as
Chernоusenko O.Yu. Comparison of 2D and 3D Design Models Used for the Assessment of the Residual Resource of the High Temperature Elements of the Steam Turbine . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 118-125.
Estimation of the Creepage of the Body of the Control Valve for the Steam Turbine K-325
Shulzhenko N.G.; Kolyadyuk A.S.;
Abstract and Keywords
The numerical study of the mode of deformation and the creepage of the valve body of the steam turbine K-325 with the stationary operation mode has been performed. Temperature fields and pressure produced on body walls are determined using the numerical solution of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stocks equations for the current of a viscous compressed heat conduction steam in the steam distribution system. The creepage equations are integrated using the explicit Euler’s scheme. The model of implicit creepage with the reinforcement taking into consideration initial and steady creepage was used. The maximum values of elastic strains caused by the joint influence of the temperature and steam pressure in the valve are within max = 82 MPa. The creepage deformation is observed at the internal walls of the valve body, the surfaces of external walls are actually not exposed to the creepage. It is shown that the creepage phenomenon is not the main reason for the formation of cracks in the valve body.
Keywords: computation, steam flow, creepage, steam distribution system and a turbine.
References
1. Plotkin, E. R., and A. Sh. Lejzerovich. Puskovye rezhimy parovyh turbin jenergoblokov. Moscow: Jenergija, 1980. Print. 2. ANSYS, Inc. “ANSYS CFX-Solver Theory Guide. ANSYS CFX Release 11.0.” Southpointe 275 Technology Drive. Canonsburg: PA 15317, 2006. Print. 3. Menter, F. R. “Eddy Viscosity Transport Equations and their Relation to k– the Model.” NASA Technical Memorandum 108854. November. 1994. Print. 4. Koljadjuk, A. S., N. G. Shul’zhenko and I. N. Babaev. “Chislennoe modelirovanie techenija para v regulirovochnom klapane turbiny.” Vestnik dvigatelestroenija 2 (2011): 106–110. ISSN 1727-0219. Print. 5. Koljadjuk, A. S., N. G. Shul’zhenko and S. V. Ershov. “Techenie para i raspredelenie temperatury v sisteme paroraspredelenija turbiny dlja razlichnyh rezhimov ee raboty” Vestnik dvigatelestroenija 2 (2012): 94–101. ISSN 1727-0219. Print. 6. ANSYS, Inc. “ANSYS Analysis Guide. Element Reference. Element Library.” Southpointe 275 Technology Drive. Canonsburg: PA 15317. CD-ROM.
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Shulzhenko N.G., Kolyadyuk A.S. Estimation of the Creepage of the Body of the Control Valve for the Steam Turbine K-325 . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 126-132.
Steam Turbine Resource
Sukhinin V.P.; Pugachova T.N.;
Abstract and Keywords
The problems related to the overhaul-period renewal for steam turbines as the time of their operation is gradually increased become more and more topical. The consideration has been given to the issues related to the peculiarities of the state of high-temperature elements of the steam turbine and the factors that affect their efficiency and resource. The rotors of the steam turbines are responsible for the elements that actually define the resource of the steam turbine. The conditions of their operation, for example high temperatures and stresses specify the character of the creepage processes and a low-cycle fatigue. The factors that determine the duration of the reliable operation of the turbine plant, in particular the exhaustion of stress rupture ductility due to the material creepage, and the accumulation of damages in critical rotor zones due to the low-cycle fatigue have been analyzed. Depending on the operation conditions the main factors that limit the accident-free operation of the structure exposed to the sustained loading can be ultimate strains or failure stresses. The analysis of the practical data of the long-term operation of the rotors and the investigation of their thermally stressed state allow us to reveal the most dangerous zones inside them due to the formation of operation cracks.
Keywords: resource, steam turbine, thermally stressed state, creepage, durable strength and low-cycle fatigue.
References
1. Borzdyka, A. M. Metody gorjachih mehanicheskih ispytanij metallov. Moscow: Metallurgizdat, 1962. Print. 2. Shubenko-Shubin, L. A., et al. Prochnost’ parovyh turbin. Ed. L. A. Shubenko-Shubin. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1973. Print. 3. Rozenbljum, V. I. “K raschetu polzuchesti cel’nokovanyh rotorov.” Jenergomashinostroenie 8 (1964): 15–18. Print. 4. Bukin, Ju. A., and E. I. Pimenova. “Problemy obespechenija nadezhnosti metalla i prodlenija srokov jekspluatacii sverh parkovogo resursa oborudovanija jenergoblokov 800 MVT Surgutskoj GRJeS-2.” Metall oborudovanija TJeS. Problemy i perspektivy: tr. nauch.-tehn. konf., g. Moskva (Rossija), 30 October – 2 November 2006 g. Moscow: Vseros. teplojenerg. in-t., 2006. Print. 5. Belov, P. G., V. F. Rezinskih and A. A. Rimov “Metodicheskij podhod k ocenke riska jekspluatacii jenergooborudovanija TJeS.” Metall oborudovanija TJeS. Problemy i perspektivy: tr. nauch.-tehn. konf., g. Moskva (Rossija), 30 October – 2 November 2006 g. Moscow: Vseros. teplojenerg. in-t., 2006. Print. 6. Kostrykin, V. O., V. P. Suhinin and O. L. Shubenko. Konstrukcija i rozrahunky na micnist’ elementiv parovyh turbin. Kharkiv, 2006. Print. 7. Suhinin, V. P., and T. N. Pugacheva. “Starenie jenergoblokov, raschetnyj i dejstvitel’nyj resurs.” Jenergeticheskie i teplotehnicheskie processy i oborudovanie. Vestnik NTU “HPI”. No. 2. Kharkov: NTU “HPI”, 2007. 148–153. Print. 8. Rezinskih V. F., V. I. Gladshtejn and G. D. Avruckij. Uvelichenie resursa dlitel’no rabotajushhih parovyh turbin. Moscow: Izd. dom MJeI, 2007. Print.
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Sukhinin V.P., Pugachova T.N. Steam Turbine Resource . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 133-139.
Vibration Characteristics of the Starters of Powerful
Petrenia Yu.K.; Antonyuk O.V.; Gavrilov S.N.; Gaev A.V.;
Abstract and Keywords
Emphasis is placed on the great practical importance of the problem related to the determination of intrinsic frequencies and mode shapes of the elements of the frontal part of powerful turbogenerators. The results of the analysis of different techniques taking into consideration the degree of reliability of the design performances of the vibratory state and their matching with the results of the bench tests and field experience have been given and that allowed us to reveal a considerable dependence of the computational results on the subset and conditions of the statement and solution of the problem related to the determination and control of the vibratory state of the turbogenerator. The results of the numerical simulation carried out to determine intrinsic frequencies of the output end and a portion of the ring of joint buses of the stator for the three-dimensional problem statement were obtained using the method of finite elements. A strong dependence of design performances both on the used design algorithms and correct statement of edge conditions was demonstrated. An increase in the reliability of the numerical simulation requires taking into consideration the experimental data of bench tests and full-scale experiments for the computation procedures; therefore it is necessary to provide the transition from the methods of numerical computation and simulation to experiment-calculated methods of the determination of the vibratory state of powerful turbogenerators.
Keywords: turbogenerator, stator, head portion, intrinsic frequency, vibration form, numeric simulation.
References
1. Titov, V. V., et al. Turbogeneratory. Raschet i konstrukcija. Leningrad: Jenergija, 1967. Print. 2. Zhimolohov, O. M., et al. “Vibracii obmotki statora 30-pazovogo turbogeneratora moshhnost’ju 200 MVt.” Jelektricheskie stancii 5 (1975): 47–51. Print. 3. Tétreault, A., and Z. Zhengping. “End-winding vibration monitoring. Pivotal in preventing major damage on a large turbo-generator.” Materials of conference Russia Power, 2012. CD-ROM. 4. Poncot, C., et al. “Type test and torsional vibration measurement of a gigatop 4-pole generator for an EPR power plant.” Materials of conference CIGRE, 2012. CD-ROM. 5. Golodnova, O. S., A. M. Bromberg and O. M. Zhimolohov. “Issledovanie vibracii sterzhnej obmotki v pazah statora dejstvujushhego turbogeneratora.” RZh. Ser. Mehanika 9 (1975): 36. Print. 6. Cvetkov, V. A. “K raschetu modeli sterzhnej obmotok statora sinhronnyh generatorov.” Jelektrichestvo 3 (1974): 77–80. Print. 7. Pikul’skij, V. A., and V. A. Cvetkov. “Analiz vibracionnogo sostojanija lobovyh chastej obmotki statora turbogeneratora.” Jelektrotehnika 7 (1976): 33–36. Print. 8. Pikul’skij, V. A. “Metodika rascheta vibracionnogo sostojanija lobovoj dugi obmotki statora turbogeneratora.” Jelektrotehnika 2 (1977): 18–21. Print. 9. Smirnova, E. N. “Raschet nizshih chastot sobstvennyh kolebanij slozhnoj sterzhnevoj sistemy.” Vychislitel’nye metody v mehanike i upravlenii. No. 388. Leningrad: LPI, 1982. 87–90. Print.
Please cite this article as
Petrenia Yu.K., Antonyuk O.V., Gavrilov S.N., Gaev A.V. Vibration Characteristics of the Starters of Powerful . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 140-145.
Using the Block-Hierarchical Approach to Design and Optimize the System of the Input Control Unit for the Centrifugal Compressor
Bondarenko G.A.; Yurko I.V.;
Abstract and Keywords
This paper gives the results of the optimization of the system of the input control unit (ICU). The block-hierarchical approach to the design was used. The algorithm used for the successive fragmentation of the global problem of the optimization into several local problems has been given. Formal macromodels of the object that were formed at each hierarchically -subordinated level on the basis of numerical investigations have been given. The numeric investigation was carried out using the bundled software ANSYS CFX and the methods of the experimental design theory. To optimize the main geometric parameters of the elements of ICU we used the method of golden section. The use of the obtained formal macromodels allows for the design of the optimal system of ICU, which can provide the efficient regulation of the compressor unit in the broad operation range.
Keywords: centrifugal compressor, regulation, ICU system, blade cascade, optimization, and formal macrosimulation.
References
1. Bojko, A. V., et al. Ajerodinamicheskij raschet i optimal’noe proektirovanie protochnoj chasti turbomashin. Kharkov: NTU “HPI”, 2002. ISBN 966-593-228-4. Print. 2. Gusev, Ju. I., et al. Konstruirovanie i raschet mashin himicheskih proizvodstv. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1985. Print. 3. Panteleev, A. V., and T. A. Letova. Metody optimizacii v primerah i zadachah. Moscow: Vyssh. shk., 2005. Print. 4. Bondarenko, G. A., and I. V. Jurko. “Metod optimizacii gazodinamicheskih harakteristik oseradial’noj kompressornoj stupeni so vhodnym regulirujushhim apparatom.” Visnyk NTU «HPI». Serija: Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. No. 14(988). Kharkiv: NTU «HPI», 2013. 49–53. ISSN 2078-774X. Print. 5. Bondarenko, G. A., and I. V. Jurko. “Optimizacija parametricheskoj modeli vhodnogo regulirujushhego apparata centrobezhnogo kompressora.” Visnyk NTU «HPI». Serija: Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. No. 12(986). Kharkiv: NTU «HPI», 2013. 43–49. ISSN 2078-774Х. Print. 6. Mohseni, A., R. A. Van den Braembussche, J. R. Seume and E. Goldhahn. “Novel IGV designs for centrifugal compressors and their interaction with the Impeller.” Journal of Turbomachinery. Vol. 134.2. 2011. ASME, 2014. Web. 12 December 2013 http://turbomachinery.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleID=1468712.
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Bondarenko G.A., Yurko I.V. Using the Block-Hierarchical Approach to Design and Optimize the System of the Input Control Unit for the Centrifugal Compressor . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 146-154.
To the Issue of the Algorithm Formation for the Diagnostics of the Technical State of Steam-Compression Cooling Machines
Snihovskiy E.L.; Klepanda A.S.; Petuhov I.I.; Sherstyuk A.V.;
Abstract and Keywords
Конденсационно-теплофикационная паротурбинная установкThe state and the actuality of the problem at the contemporary stage of the development of the diagnostics of cooling equipment have been described. The actuality of the use of the microcontroller as the control link for the diagnostics of the cooling equipment has been substantiated. A basic set of measuring tools required for the diagnostics has been formed. Key working parameters that should be described in the mathematical model of the cooling machine for its diagnostics have been selected. The algorithm used for the diagnostics of steam-compressor cooling machines (SCCM) based on the thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) with the external compensation, receiver, compressor, capacitor and the evaporator has been given. A table of the behavior of working parameters of SCCM in the case of malfunction has been compiled. The investigation state of the influence of the combination of several defects on the working parameters of SCCM has been analyzed. The sets of several malfunctions whose studies are the most promising and require further research have been selected. The diagnosing program in the MatLAB Simulink design medium has been formed for the microcontroller programming. The program operation principle and the method of transfer to the microcontroller have been given. The microcontroller whose functional allows for the solution of the stated problem has been selected.а КТ-100-6
Keywords: cooling machine, diagnostics, processes identification, automation.
References
1. Adam, W., and E. James. “Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Commercial Coolers and Freezers.” Herrick Laboratories, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette. USA. 2008. 1–10. Print. 2. Nooman, A. M., N. R. Miller and C. W. Bullard. “Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Air Conditioners and Refrigerators.” Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center University of Illinois Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Dept. 1999. 3. Efimov, A. V., A. Al’-Tuvajni and S. L. Zevin. “Metod postroenija diagnosticheskih modelej oborudovanija jenergoustanovok.” Vestnik NTU “HPI”. No. 13. Kharkov: NTU “HPI”, 2002. 153–157. Print. 4. Efimov, A. V., et al. “Identifikacija matematicheskih modelej tehnologicheskih processov v jenergeticheskom oborudovanii pri reshenii zadach diagnostiki.” Vestnik NTU “HPI”. No. 3. Kharkov: NTU “HPI”, 2003. 20–23. Print. 5. Bailey, M. B., J. F. Kreider and P. S. Curtiss. “Results of probabilistic fault detection and diagnosis method for vapor compression cycle equipment.” ASHRAE Transactions. Vol. 107. 2000. 1–22. Print. 6. Sviridov, V. G., et al. Sistemy avtomatizacii teplofizicheskogo jeksperimenta. Moscow: Izdatel’skj dom MJeI, 2007. ISBN 978-5-383-00120-2. Print. 7. Sapozhnikov, V. B., and V. I. Veljuhanova. Posobie dlja remontnika. Moscow: ZAO “Ostrov”; Izd-vo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1999. Print. 8. Riemer, P. L. “The Time Element in Chiller Fault Detection and Diagnosis. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requements for the degree of Master of Science.” University of Wisconsin. Madison, 2001.
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Snihovskiy E.L., Klepanda A.S., Petuhov I.I., Sherstyuk A.V. To the Issue of the Algorithm Formation for the Diagnostics of the Technical State of Steam-Compression Cooling Machines . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 155-160.
New Approach to the Solution of the Inverse Problem for the Centrifugal Pump
Kostornoy S.D.; Davidenko A.K.; Marchenko L.K.;
Abstract and Keywords
A contemporary level of the development of the pump equipment requires the creation of reliable physical and mathematical models that give qualitatively and quantitatively correct description of the operation process in the elements of the stage of hydraulic machines. In this paper we give an algorithm and the results of the solution of the inverse problem for the impeller of the single-stage centrifugal pump as applied to the design of the flow pass for the prescribed shape of the meridian flow. A fundamental distinction from the known statements of the solution of such a problem is the consideration of the influence produced by all the elements of the flow pass on the meridian flow, in particular: input, spiral venting and exit cone. A computer realization of this approach allows us to select at the design stage the optimal combination of geometric parameters for the impeller and stationary elements meeting the requirements of the engineering task; this excludes the need for physical experiment.
Keywords: inverse problem, direct problem, mutual influence, flow pass elements, meridian flow.
References
1. Kostornoj, S. D. “Postroenie lopasti radial’no-osevoj turbiny v osesimmetrichnom potoke.” Gidravlicheskie mashiny 2 (1968): 116–122. Print. 2. Jetinberg, I. Je., and B. S. Rauhman. Gidrodinamika gidravlicheskih turbin. Leningrad: Mashinostroenie, 1978. Print. 3. Kostornoj, S. D. “Vybor formy techenija zhidkosti pri proektirovanii reshetok.” Gidravlicheskie mashiny 5 (1971): 8–12. Print. 4. Kostornoj, S. D., A. O. Bondarev and L. K. Marchenko. “Avtomatizirovannoe proektirovanie rabochego kolesa centrobezhnogo nasosa.” Visnyk NTU «HPI». Serija: Energetychni ta teplotehnichni procesy j ustatkuvannja. No. 14(988). Kharkiv: NTU «HPI», 2013. 89–95. ISSN 2078-774Х. Print. 5. Kostornoj, S. D., and N. S. Martynova. “Vybor tolshhiny lopasti rabochego kolesa pri proektirovanii lopastnoj gidravlicheskoj mashiny.” Visnyk Sums’kogo derzhavnogo universytetu. Serija tehnichni nauky. No. 1. 2013. 91–103. ISSN 1817-9215. Print. 6. Kostornoj, S. D., and N. S. Martynova. “Vybor modeli techenija zhidkosti pri proektirovanii lopastnoj gidravlicheskoj mashiny.” Visnyk Sums’kogo derzhavnogo universytetu. Serija tehnichni nauky. No. 2. 2012. 18–28. ISSN 1817-9215. Print.
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Kostornoy S.D., Davidenko A.K., Marchenko L.K. New Approach to the Solution of the Inverse Problem for the Centrifugal Pump . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 161-169.
The Analysis of the Methods of Heat Utilization of the Combustion Gases of Boilers Used for the Mobile Blocks of Thermal Power Stations
Kesova L.O.; Sheleshey T.V.; Drogalchuk K.A.;
Abstract and Keywords
The consideration has been given to the issues related to the reliable and efficient operation of thermal power stations using low cost technologies for the utilization of the heat of output gases. Circuit diagrams used for the realization of this technology have been given. Economic and ecological effects yielded due to the introduction of different technologies for the utilization of the heat of exhaust gases have been given. The technology of the blocks of increased efficiency contributes to an increase in the boiler efficiency (due to the drop in the temperature of released gases and more integrated use of the fuel heat); the production of additional electric energy using heat (due to the forced out steam samples), replacement of the peak reserve power in the energy system through an increase in the condensation production of electric energy by thermal power stations; a decrease in environmental emissions; a decrease in the efficiency factor of electric filters through a decrease in the temperature of combustion gases.
Keywords: combustion gases, release gases, utilization, mobile power blocks of TPS, “blocks of increased efficiency”, turbine economizer.
References
1. Vol’chyn, I. A., et al. Perspektyvy vprovadzhennja chystyh vugil’nyh tehnologij v energetyku Ukrai’ny. Kiev: GNOZIS, 2013. Print. 2. Medvedev, V. A., et al. “Jeffektivnost’ kompleksnoj modernizacii hvostovoj chasti dejstvujushhih pyleugol’nyh kotlov.” Teplojenergetika 8 (1999): 43–47. Print. 3. Bersenev, A. P., et al. “O povyshenii jeffektivnosti teplojenergeticheskogo oborudovanija.” Teplojenergetika 5 (1998): 51–54. Print. 4. Kruglikov, P. A., Ju. V. Smolkin and K.V. Sokolov. “Vybor principial’nyh shemnyh reshenij ugol’nogo jenergobloka na superkriticheskie parametry para.” Teplojenergetika 9 (2011): 9–16. Print. 5. Rezinskih, and V. F., E. A. Grin’. “Nadezhnost’ i bezopasnost’ TES Rossii na sovremennom jetape.” Teplojenergetika 1 (2010): 2–8. Print. 6. Anderson, K. Je., et al. “Analiz pokazatelej nadezhnosti vspomogatel’nogo oborudovanija jenergoblokov.” Teplojenergetika 8 (2011): 2–7. Print. 7. Sokolov, A. V., V. S. Belousov and A. Ju. Bol’shihin. “Jeffektivnost’ ispol’zovanija teploty dymovyh gazov za regenerativnymi vrashhajushhimisja vozduhopodogrerateljami.” Jelektricheskie stancii 10 (2012): 40–42. Print. 8. Ziganshina, S. K., and A. A. Kudinov. “Sposoby utilizacii teploty ventiljacionnogo vozduha dymovyh trub TJeS.” Jelektricheskie stancii 4 (2010): 22–27. Print. 9. Pashhenko, D. I. “Termohimicheskaja regeneracija tepla dymovyh gazov putem konversii biojetanola.” Teplojenergetika 6 (2013): 59–64. Print. 10. “Galuzeva programa rozvytku teplovyh elektrostancij ta teploelektrocentralej (budivnyctvo, rekonstrukcija, modernizacija).” Centr spryjannja vprovadzhennju reform v energetyci. Kiev, 2006. Print. 11. Ovchar, V. G., et al. “Opyt zavodskih razrabotok jenergoblokov povyshennoj jeffektivnosti.” Teplojenergetika 9 (1999): 2–5. Print. 12. Lipec, A.U., et al. “Jenergeticheskij blok povyshennoj jeffektivnosti.” RU Patent 2160369 (MPK F01K7/40). 10 December 2000. 13. Ovchar, V. G., et al. “Dopolnitel’naja moshhnost’, poluchaemaja pri perevode jenergoblokov na shemu BPJe.” Teplojenergetika 9 (1999): 6–9. Print. 14. Smyshljaev, A. A., et al. “Novye razrabotki pyleugol’nyh kotlov.” Jelektricheskie stancii 5 (2010): 10–16. Print. 15. “Sistema vstroennyh teploobmennikov.” Resurso- i jenergosberezhenija v Sibirskom regione. Sb. tezisov dokladov. Postojanno dejstvujushhij mezhdunarodnyj seminar. Zasedanie 3. Novosibirsk, 2000. Print. 16. Nogin, V. I. “Razrabotka optimal’nyh tehnicheskih reshenij po rekonstrukcii teplomehanicheskogo oborudovanija TJeS AO Mosjenergo.” Jelektricheskie stancii 6 (1998): 39–48. Print. 17. Styrikovich, M. A., et al. “O modernizacii gazomazutnyh blokov.” Jenergetik 10 (1996): 7–8. Print.
Please cite this article as
Kesova L.O., Sheleshey T.V., Drogalchuk K.A. The Analysis of the Methods of Heat Utilization of the Combustion Gases of Boilers Used for the Mobile Blocks of Thermal Power Stations . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 170-176.
Studying the Cooling of Viscous Oil Products during the Period of their Storage and Transportation in the Railway Tanks
Titar S.S.; Zaycev D.V.;
Abstract and Keywords
This scientific paper describes the combination of measures taken to transport, discharge and store liquid and viscous products, taking bitumen as an example. The bitumen production in petrochemical branch of industry requires relatively high temperatures (~140 to 150 C). At these temperatures this material has a liquid state and its viscosity is comparable with the water viscosity. Due to this reason bitumen is transported from the place of production to the place of consumption in railway tanks (ordinary tanks, thermos-type tanks, steam jacket tanks). The viscosity of this material is considerably increased with the drop in temperature and very often it cannot be discharged from the tank without additional heating. The most complicated problem is related to the determination of the parameters of bitumen, which is cooled during the transportation. For this purpose we need to determine correctly the factor of heat transfer from hot bitumen through the tank wall to the environment and it is also necessary to know the coefficients of heat emission from bitumen to the wall and from the wall to the environment during the tank motion. The consideration was given to two possible physical models of the bitumen and environment heat exchange. In the future we plan to carry out laboratory research and full-scale monitoring of the bitumen cooling during the tank motion at the unloading site and bitumen storage site.
Keywords: heat exchange, heat transfer coefficient, convection, heat emission coefficient and temperature.
References
1. Isachenko, V. P., V. A. Osipova and A.S. Sukomel. Teploperedacha. Moskow: Jenergija, 1975. Print. 2. Tytar, S. S. Systemy energopostachannja promyslovyh pidpryjemstv. – Odesa: AT BAHVA, 2002. Print. 3. Gun, R. B. Neftjannye bitumy. Moscow: Himija, 1989. Print. 4. Levenberg, V. D., M. R. Tkach and V. A. Gol’strem. Akkumulirovanie tepla. Kiev: Tehnika, 1991. Print.
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Titar S.S., Zaycev D.V. Studying the Cooling of Viscous Oil Products during the Period of their Storage and Transportation in the Railway Tanks . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2014. No. 11. Pp. 177-181.