This scientific paper describes an algorithm used by the integrated method for the axial turbine stage optimization, which is based on the iteration process of the alternating use of the methods of one-dimensional and three-dimensional optimizations under the condition of the conservation of the flow rate. A turbine stage model (a prototype of the third stage of the high pressure cylinder of the steam turbine K-500-65/3000) with two sizes of radial clearances (0,5 mm and 1,0 mm) was optimized. The developed algorithm showed a stable tendency to an increase in the efficiency factor both in the case of one-dimensional and three-dimensional optimizations. The obtained data were analyzed. The efficiency factor of the stage in the case of one-dimensional optimization is increased due to the nozzle array and working cascade losses and exit velocity losses. This is reached due to the optimal selection of the reactivity factor on the mean radius. The three-dimensional optimization allows for the determination of the optimal laws of the blade vortex and the height leveling of the flow shock incident on the working cascade. The use of the optimization algorithm allowed us to increase the efficiency factor of the stage by 0.56 % in absolute values at a radial clearance of 0.5 mm and by 35 % at a radial clearance of 1,0 mm. The analysis carried out to define the reasons for an increase in the efficiency factor of the stage would hold for both values of radial clearances, which are indicative of the high accuracy of the developed method and that it can be used for the wide range of the structures of turbine stages.

Keywords:
optimization method development, turbine stage, one-dimensional optimization, three-dimensional optimization, peripheral leakage, vortex law and the geometric input angle of the blade.

Boiko A.V., Usaty A.P., Maksiuta D.I. Developing and Testing the Integrated Method Used for the Axial Turbine Stage Optimization. NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 5-12.

The efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle of the thermoenergetic plant is defined to a great extent by burner characteristics. This scientific paper gives consideration to the formation processes of the temperature field of combustion products in the combustion chamber at microdiffusion popping of gas behind flat collectors- stabilizers with the injection of fuel into the recirculation zone that is distributed along the stabilizer length. It was shown that the profile of the gas temperature along the stabilizer height required by burner operation conditions can be provided by an appropriate change of local fuel consumption. It was noted that due to a high gradient of velocities and temperatures in the trace cross-section behind the stabilizer the mixing process of combustion products and the air in the inter-stabilizer space is characterized by a high intensity. For the studied options of burners at the stabilizer width of Bst = 30 mm and 45 mm and jam coefficients Kf = 0,6 to 0,8 the length of the chamber on which the chamber section rectification of temperature field occurs is equal to 10–15 calibers of the stabilizer and depends on the lattice density and excess air factor.

Keywords:
combustion chamber, stabilizer, microdiffusion combustion, temperature field, and combustion products.

Chernousenko O.Yu., Butovskiy L.S., Granovskaya E.A., Goryach D.A., Moroz O.S. Peculiarities of the Generation of the Temperature Field in Stabilizer Burners at the Microdiffusion Popping of Gas . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 13-20.

This paper gives the computation data and the analysis data for the power efficiency of the turbocompressor plant (TCP) with the gas-turbine drive based on its design and actual operation modes. The need for the use of an advanced design method and appropriate software and hardware to develop the TCP equipment, to perform the commissioning of it and to provide its operation has been substantiated. The block –assembled turbocompressor plant that was created using the centrifugal compressor and gas turbine drive of 8.0 MW was used as a test facility. The structure of the programming and computing system CAPTU-KC-M used for the analysis of the working process of the block-assembled TCP has been given. The mathematical model of the system is represented as a set of the computation procedures realized in the program mode according to the typical structure of the flow diagram of the plant that allows for the TC design, including its thermodynamic analysis. The operation parameters of TCP used for the oil gas have been analyzed. The TCP efficiency was calculated using the method of exergy balances. The values of the exergic efficiency factor of the analyzed plant for actual and design modes reach 0,112 and 0,144, respectively. Taking into consideration the obtained data the scientists worked out the recommendations to increase the energetic efficiency of the plant operation.

Keywords:
algorithm, comprimiring, mathematical model, thermodynamic analysis and the exergy.

Parafeynik V.P., Prilipko S.A. Analysis of the Parameters of the Block-Assembled Turbocompressor Plant with the Gas Turbine Drive Based on its Integrated Mathematical Model . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 21-33.

The investigation of the efficient reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions by the phasic coal firing system for the TPP 312 boiler under basic load conditions has been carried out. The impact of its operation on the basic process parameters of the furnace has been determined. When the TPP 312 boiler operates with the phasic coal firing system at maximum loads the increase in maximum local temperature by 200 C in comparison with the standard boiler is observed. To prevent the steam superheater slagging at maximal loads the available phasic firing system must be improved. To provide safe operation of the boilers at maximum loads it is recommended to mount the additional smoke sucker to supply cold furnace gases to the upper part of the furnace and in this case the coal input in additional burners should be limited to the 10 % percent of the total fuel rate. To provide a maximum level of nitrogen oxide reduction by the phasic firing system the value of the excess air at the origin of the afterburning zone must be equal to 0.9. It has been established that to provide conditions for the liquid slag disposal at the bottom of the furnace the minimum load of the boiler set should not exceed 210 MWe and the fuel input to additional burners should not exceed 10 % of the coal input.

Keywords:
coal burning, burner, nitrogen oxides, and phasic coal firing.

Kobzar S.G., Halatov A.A. Efficient Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Using the Phasic Coal Firing System of the TPP 312 Boiler Used by the Block No6 of Ladyzhinskaia Power Station under Basic Load Conditions . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 34-39.

To provide the district heating the cogeneration turbines of high power of a T-100/120-130 type are used as a thermal energy source for the heating system. The heat is supplied according to the temperature chart. At the present time significant deviations in the temperature mode of the thermal energy consumption from the temperature chart are observed due to the changing conditions of the heat consumption; this fact requires to analyze the influence of the modes of the heat supply on the change of the thermal load of the turbine and that of the input of the delivery water in the heating system on the effectiveness of the energy block operation. Based on the analysis of the heat supply by the turbines of the energy blocks No 1 and 2 of the PJSC \\\”KHARKOV Thermal Power Plant (TPP-5)\\\” and the equivalence of the temperature potentials of the forward and return delivery water the methodological approach to the determination of the turbine operation mode depending on the quantity of heat input in the heating system, its temperature potential and the heating system water consumption was proposed. The determined temperature difference of the forward and return heat-supply water correlates well with the temperature of the forward delivery water and allows for the estimation of the electric power of the energy block at different modes of its operation in the regulated range of the live steam rate.

Keywords:
cogeneration plant, dual-purpose turbine plant, delivery water heater, operation mode, and the temperature chart.

Shubenko A.L., Babenko O.A., Goloschapov V.N., Kozlokov A.Yu. Influence of the Real Operation Modes of the Cogeneration Turbine T-100/120-130 on the Heat and Electric Energy Supply . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 40-43.

The use of the advanced plasmachemical stabilizers to reject ripple processes in the combustion chamber caused by the structural peculiarities of flame tubes and the aerodynamic interaction of the compressor, combustion chamber and the turbines is under the discussion. The objective of this research was to determine the range of the stable operation and volt-ampere characteristics of the dc plasmatron intended for the suppression of the acoustic instability in the combustion chambers of gas turbine engines. Experimental investigations of the plasma generator intended for the ripple rejection and the improvement of the stable operation of the low-emission combustion chamber of the gas turbine engine were carried out. The data of the experimental investigations of dc plasmatron intended to the suppression of acoustic instability in the combustion chambers of gas turbine engines were given. The volt-ampere characteristic of the plasma generator for different flow rates of plasma-forming air has been given. The range of the stable operation of the dc plasmatron intended for the stabilization of the thermoacoustic processes in combustion chambers has been defined. The use of the plasma generator in the low emission combustion chamber with the preliminary mixing of the air- fuel mixture as a stabilizer of thermoacoustic processes results in a decrease of the pulsations of the air-fuel mixture, which results in a decrease of the vibration of combustion chamber elements and the engine on the whole.

Keywords:
gas turbine engine, combustion chamber, pulsating combustion, and the dc plasmatron.

Serbin S.I., Kozlovskiy A.V., Vilkul S.V. Studying the Power Characteristics of the Plasma Generator to Stabilize Thermal-&-Acoustic Processes in Combustion Chambers. NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 44-48.

Combined cycle plants provide an increase in the efficiency factor of power generating units used by contemporary thermal power plants. Most of the research done to increase the efficiency of gas turbine plants is devoted to an increase in initial parameters and in the first place, the temperature in front of the turbine. This scientific paper gives consideration to an increase in the power of the gas turbine unit behind the turbine due to the improvement of aerodynamic channels. The project was developed and the oxidizer pass of the power unit SGU-250 installed for Moldova hydraulic power station equipped with the gas turbine was updated and that resulted in a considerable power increase reserve due to the reduction of the back pressure behind the gas turbine through the adjustment of the discharge pass of oxidizer from the gas turbine to the boiler. The aerodynamics is improved by the physical simulation using the method of the visual diagnostics of the flow structure. The adjustment of flow aerodynamics provides the flow without separation in the flow passes of the equipment. The test method of the modernization data of the aerodynamic channel was developed using the stopped power unit with actuated forced draft mechanisms. The solution of the problem on decreasing the resistance of the main elements of the aerodynamic channel showed that the compressor output can be increased with a simultaneous increase in the gas turbine power. Making thus no changes in the flow pass parts of compressor elements and turbine elements, by changing only the geometry to reduce pressure losses of input and output GTU elements it is quite feasible to increase the gas turbine power and to improve its power, cost, overall and other characteristics.

Keywords:
steam and gas combined cycle plant, adjustment of aerodynamic channels, and the flow structure visualization.

Mazurenko A.S., Arsiriy V.A., Arsiriy E.A., Kravchenko V.I. Improving Aerodynamic Channels in the Steam and Gas Combined Cycle Plant. NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 49-52.

Consideration is given to the strain stability at axial compression of the tubular instrumentation tube guide connecting the top nozzle and the bottom nozzle of the fuel assembly of the nuclear reactor WWER-1000. The influence of the grip conditions of the edges of the instrumentation tube guide on the values of critical compressive forces and stresses and also on the shape of the bend at the stability loss has been studied. The changes in the compressive stress and force conditioned by the stochastic nature of the change in the parameters during the operation of the fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors can be comparable with the obtained relatively low critical values of 1.8 to 7.5 MPa of the compressive stress and the values of 6 to 24 kgf (kilogram-force) of the compressive force at which the bending of instrumentation tube guides is possible due to the loss of stability. Due to the insignificant minimum value and the difference between different values of the critical compressive force answering the loss of stability of the guide channel like a long compressed rod it is quite possible that the shape of the instrumentation tube guide bent due to the loss of stability during the operation will have several inflection points that will considerably hamper the motion of the regulating elements of the reactor protection and control system. Due to this fact it is reasonable to develop design diagrams that allow for the determination of critical compressive forces and axial stresses in the instrumentation tube guides taking into consideration their interaction with the top nozzle and the bottom nozzle and the spacer grid of the fuel assembly and this problem requires additional studies.

Keywords:
fuel assembly, instrumentation tube guide, and the stability

Efimov A.V., Maksimov M.V., Romashov Yu.V. Critical Compressive Forces and the Modes of the Loss of Stability in the Instrumentation Tube Guides of the Fuel Assemblies of Nuclear Reactors WWER-1000. NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 53-56.

The intensification of the heat exchange is always accompanied by an increase in hydraulic losses. To estimate thermal and hydraulic efficiency of heat exchange intensifiers many criteria are used to characterize the ratio of an increase in the heat exchange to the associated losses of the pressure required for the heat carrier pumping. This scientific paper is devoted to the analysis of the following criteria of thermal and hydraulic efficiency, in particular the Reynolds analogy factor and the quality coefficient. The heat hydraulic efficiency of heat-exchange intensifiers with full and partial flow vortex and that of the intensifiers that are characterized both by the flow vortex, the vortex mixing and the flow separation have been studied. The results showed that the studied heat exchange intensifiers of a vortex type have different structural design but a rather common mechanism of heat exchange intensification due to the flow vortex (full and partial), the vortex mixing and the local flow separation, and due to this reason these are summarized by the general relationship on the diagrams of heat hydraulic efficiency. Using the quality coefficient we performed the ranging of heat exchange intensifiers of a vortex type and we arrived at a conclusion that it is reasonable to use the quality coefficient for the domain of f/f0 > 3,0 for practical applications due to the complicated determination of the ultimate values of bounding curves.

Keywords:
heat hydraulic efficiency of heat-exchange intensifiers, quality coefficient, and the flow vortex.

Donik T.V. Thermal and Hydraulic Efficiency of Different Modes of the Flow Vortex. NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 57-60.

For the qualitative fuel firing it is necessary to expose the combustible mixture for a sufficiently long period of time to high temperatures with simultaneous qualitative mixing of the fuel and the oxidizer. This scientific paper describes the experimental investigation whose results showed that the wick burner with the vortex recirculation motion of the air and the adjusted height of the primary chamber in the developed heat generator can provide a sufficiently complete firing of the mixture of heavy liquid hydrocarbons. The exposure time of the air-and-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber was regulated by the orificing of the outlet port. The temperature required for the minimization of carbon monoxide concentration was provided by the value of the regulated volume of the primary combustion chamber. A turbulence level in the vortex chamber above the wick depended on the availability of the countercurrent flow in the output section of the chamber. The data of experimental investigations of the firing of waste machine oil showed that this process can be carried out without the breach of harmful emission (NOx, CO) standards. The computations done using the licensed package PHOENICS showed a good coincidence with experimental temperature values in the combustion chamber, and the acceptable error (24 %) for the prediction of CO emissions and the divergence with the experimental data on the determination of the concentration of nitrogen oxides.

Keywords:
heat generator, waste oil, vortex flow firing, combustion chamber, wick burner and harmful emissions.

Shihabutinova O.V. Firing Heavy Liquid Hydrocarbons in the Heat Generator with the Wick Burner in the Vortex Recirculation Flow . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 61-67.

Using the data of the experimental investigation carried out on the large-scale aerodynamic test bench the optimal sizes of the radial diffusers of bleeding routes in the range of change of the relative flow rate of the sampled medium of 15 to 40 % have been determined. The working section of the test bench includes the circular stage simulator after which a miner portion of air goes to the bleeding route and the major portion of air goes to the circular nozzle array. The average diameter of the nozzle array is 440 mm, and the blade height is 50 mm. Consideration was given to the influence of the branch pipe area on the level of losses in the routes with different diffusers; this allows for the use of the experimental data for the calculation of the real structures of gas turbines. Empirical formulas that allow for the determination of losses both in the diffusionless structures and in the channels with different parameters of the radial diffuser have been derived. The influence of the flow twisting and the relative flow rate of the bleeding medium on the losses in the bleeding route have been studied.

Keywords:
steam bleeding, diffuser, sample chamber, sample manifold, and bleeding route losses

Lapuzin A.V., Subbotovich V.P. Optimal Parameters of the Diffusers of the Bleeding Routes of Steam Turbines. NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 68-74.

This paper gives consideration to the problem of a change of the load of the working energy blocks of thermal power stations that have turbines with steam distribution nozzles, using the combined control program and defining the efficiency of the use of sliding pressure mode depending on a different number of open control valves and initial steam parameters. The analysis of the test data and computational data showed that it is more preferable to use the combined control program switching over the energy block into the sliding pressure mode and fully opening the three valves for the turbines with supercritical parameters whose steam distribution structure has four control valves and each valve services its nozzle group; for operating turbines K-200-130 and K-160-130 that have two completely open valves the combined control program is considered to be more efficient; one of the promising ways of an increase in the efficient operation of the turbine plant with the combined control program can be the modernization of the control stage with the realization of its maximum efficiency in the mode close to nominal.

Keywords:
Combined control, sliding pressure, steam distribution, energy block control, and the variable mode.

Babaev A.I., Goloschapov V.N. Application of the Combined Program to Control Turbine Plants of a High Power with the Jet Regulation . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 75-80.

The design investigation was carried out to determine the variable mode of the operation of the system intended for the in-depth utilization of the heat of gases effluent from the boiler. The investigation was carried out using the computer program developed by the authors. As a test subject we used one of the options of the system of a closed type that includes the boiler with the steam capacity of 0,278 kg/s and the condensation heat exchanger of a surface type intended for the heating of the delivery water in the hot water supply system. The natural gas is popped in the boiler. To protect the gas flue pass from corrosion and the damage the by-pass was arranged by the heat exchanger to increase the temperature of effluent gases above the dew point. At a nominal load when the fuel consumption is kept at a constant level the condensation portion of the heat exchanger can heat 0,39445 kg/s of water in the temperature range of 10 C to 49 C with a further increase in its temperature to 80,4 C in the condensation-free portion. The computational investigation showed that the decrease in the loading by 40 % results in the decrease of water consumption to 0,1948 kg/s, actually by a factor of two. The water heating temperature also drops to 68,1 C. However, the heat exchange surface is enlarged, and it serves as a surface for the condensation of the water vapor of furnace gases cooled to the temperature of 35 C and the appropriate reduction of the condensation–free surface is observed. Interesting data on a change of thermal physical characteristics along the heat-exchange surface of the condensation portion of the unit were also obtained changing the operation modes of the system.

Keywords:
varying type of duty, in-depth heat utilization system, effluent flue gases, water vapor condensation, efficiency factor, heated water consumption, heat transfer coefficient, mass transfer coefficient, and heat exchange surface area

Efimov A.V., Goncharenko A.L., Kasilov O.V., Goncharenko L.V. A Variable Mode of the Operation of the System Designed for the In-depth Utilization of the Heat of Gases Effluent from the Boiler. NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 81-87.

The cooling of ingots and rolled metal in practice showed that the cooling intensity of high-temperature surface by the dispersed water supplied by the nozzles from the bottom to the top is lower in comparison with the delivery of the drop flow from the top to the bottom at the same irrigation conditions. This was confirmed by the metallographic analysis. This paper describes the experimental studies of the heat exchange in laboratory conditions while cooling the high-temperature surface by the dispersed water delivered by the nozzle from the bottom to the top to the local calorimeter. The irrigation density of the calorimeter surface was measured using the counter-pulsed method with the preliminary graduation of it by the sample tube. A local calorimeter projected above the irrigated surface was used for the experiments. The ingress of reflected drops and the water film arriving from adjacent surface sections was prevented.It has been established that a different orientation of the irrigated surface, if the “ballast” water is unavailable, produces no influence on the obtained results and the heat collection depends just on the irrigation density

Keywords:
heat exchange, irrigation density, and the surface orientation

Pereselkov A.R. Methods and the Investigation Data of the Heat Exchange at a Different Orientation of the High-Temperature Surface Cooled by the Dispersed Water . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 88-90.

This paper gives consideration to the issues of the development and implementation of a new effective system for the automatic control of the hydraulic turbine, which considerably reduces all types of statistical and dynamic errors and thus increases the accuracy of control and the quality of produced electric power. The real system is based on the method of structural-&-parametric synthesis of the power and frequency regulator of the hydraulic turbine on the basis of the inverse problems of the dynamics. The use of the electronic regulator synthesized on the principles of the inverse problems of the dynamics provides the compensation of all types of statistical and dynamic errors of the electric and hydraulic servo drive and allows for their maximum operation speed that corresponds to the maximum level of the energy potential of the system. To compensate the statistical and dynamic errors of the control system we recommended using the structure of astatic quick-speed regulator designed on the principles of the inverse problems of the dynamics of the control object.

Keywords:
automatic control system, hydraulic turbine, and the astatic regulator.

Kanyuk G.I., Mezerya A.Yu., Melnikov V.E. Precision System for the Automatic Control of the Hydroturbine [Text] / G. Kanyuk, A. Mezerya, V. Melnikov . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 91-96.

Against a background of an abrupt increase in utility prices in Ukraine a problem of the saving of energy resources and the search for energy saving technologies for heat supply systems becomes a burning issue. The heat supply systems of public buildings with the double-period operation mode, in particular working and standby conditions provoke a keen interest. This paper gives consideration to the issues of the integrated approach to the reduction of the energy consumption by the heat supply systems of the buildings. The issues related to the use of renewable heat sources for combined heat supply systems were touched upon. The factors that affect the use of thermal pumps with the heat source, in particular the open air in heat supply systems have been analyzed. A circuit diagram for combined heat supply to training buildings of the university using the thermal pump and a gas condensation boiler has been developed. Intermittent heating conditions for the public buildings were proposed. The operation modes of the heat supply system of a building using thermal pumps and the intermittent heating were simulated. The recommendations on the use of traditional and renewable heat sources in combined heat supply systems were given. The saving efficiency due to the use of intermittent heating mode for public buildings was shown.

Keywords:
thermal pumps, combined heat supply systems and the intermittent heating

Balasanyan G.A., Klimchuk A.A., Minyaylo M.B. Simulation of the Mode of the Intermittent Heating for the Combined Heat Supply System Equipped with the Heat Pump . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 97-102.

Different options of the internal use of the heat of effluent combustion products for the working heat process plants (HTHP) have been compared. Basic factors that affect the efficiency and the affordability of the HTHP operation were determined. The methods of the computation of the influence of the preliminary preheated material and preheated combustion products on the productivity and specific fuel consumption were given on the basis of balance equations. The influence produced on these values by the heat regeneration coefficient and working chamber heat efficiency factor for specific HTHP operation conditions was shown (appropriate diagrams and design ratios are given). In conclusion the recommendations were given for the choice of the appropriate approach to the internal use of the heat of combustion products withdrawn from the working chamber from the standpoint of the structural peculiarities of HRHP and efficient operation under different operation conditions.

Keywords:
fuel saving, furnace, combustion products and the recuperation

Dimitrov A.D., Shramenko A.N., Pyaduhov V.A. Preheating the Combustion Components and Furnace Operation Stimulation . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 103-110.

Methodical -&-algorithmic software for the portable metering and diagnostic system intended for the assessment of the operating conditions of the electric equipment in terms of vibration parameters has been described. The system software includes several independent modules, in particular for the registration, monitoring and analysis. The registration module is intended for the collection, visualization and primary information processing. The monitoring module is intended for the computer-aided control of the vibratory state of the equipment. This module allows for the monitoring of the range of the vibratory displacement of the rotors, vibration velocity root-mean-square (RMS) value of the supports, rotation speed and other parameters of mechanical values, and also for the formation of the trends of vibration parameters and the determination of their sudden change (a leap). The analysis module is intended for the determination of spectral and harmonic characteristics of the vibratory displacement of the rotors and the vibration velocity of the supports and also for the determination of the rotor out-of-balance in terms of the vibration parameters of the rotors and supports. Using the mobile system the experimental estimate of the vibratory state of the auxiliary equipment (smoke sucker D-25X2ShB) of the energy block has been carried out. It has been established that the low-frequency vibration (1 to 10Hz) contributes significantly to the RMS value of the vibration velocity of smoke sucker supports.

Keywords:
vibration, vibratory state, diagnostic system, and spectral characteristics.

Efremov Yu.G. Methodical and Algorithmic Software for the Functioning of the Portable System to Assess the Vibratory State of Power Units . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 111-116.

Design of qualitative high-power energy machines to increase their reliability and the engineering level still remains an actual problem, which can provide an opportunity for the solution of the milticriterion nonlinear problem of the optimal design of an engineering object. To implement the generalized approach to the solution of this class of applied problems of the optimal design of engineering objects we used the parameter space investigation method (PSI method). This scientific paper gives consideration to the issues related to the implementation of the PSI method to design the tooth gear of the coaxial two-stage parallel-shaft reducer with the power flow division used for the ship energy machines. The mathematical design model of the studied engineering object was constructed on the basis of GOST21354-87 using the specific features of the design of high-speed tooth gears and it is presented as a computer program DMP-CEM. To develop the proposed method of the optimal design of tooth gears we chose five independent optimization parameters and formulated eight local criteria that characterize overall and mass indices, the smoothness of gear operation, the strained state of gearing and the loading of gear shafts. The analysis of the created test Tables allowed for the determination of the boundary of selected quality criteria and it was also established that the optimal, i.e. the best design option in terms of all quality criteria is not available. The variation of quality criteria restrictions allowed us to see a change in the completeness of feasible solution sets and select an optimal rational option (options) for the tooth gear structure of the main gear of the ship energy machine. The proposed method of feasible solution sets allows us not to limit the number of quality criteria for the optimal design of the main gears of energy machines and to characterize more comprehensively the design object and to control the selection process of optimal rational design solution.

Keywords:
Engineering objects, PSI method, tooth-gear and optimal design

Kalinin P.M., Ostapchuk Yu.O., Zherezhon-Zaychenko Yu.V. Optimal and Rational Design of the Elements of Main Gears for Electric Power Machines . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 117-124.

The main criterion of the development of new highly efficient contact-type units is considered to be the intensification of the heat and mass exchange process and a reduction in capital expenditures. This paper gives consideration to the peculiarities of the structure of the contact-type heat and mass exchanger in which the motion of gases is organized at the velocity that exceeds the upper boundary of the flooding of the counter-current gas motion and that of the fluid film in vertical tubes. The construction of the heat-transfer element allows for the distribution of liquid and gas using no drop catcher, which will allow for the reduction of the specific quantity of metal and the aerodynamic resistance of the heater. The intensification of working processes in such a unit is reached through the organization of the concurrent motion of closed gas inclusions and the surrounding liquid inside vertical channels combining the advantages of high gas velocities with the self-organization of the liquid mixing in the thickness of two-phase layer and the renewal of the phase interface. This paper describes the technique used for the thermal computation of the contact-type heat recovery unit of the gas-steam mixture with the running bubble layer that was developed on the basis of obtained experimental data for mean transport coefficients related to the value of the cross-section area of the pipe based on obtained heat and mass transfer mechanisms; the heat productivity and mode characteristics including heat carrier parameters were obtained for the input and output of the recovery unit with the running bubble layer.

Keywords:
gas-liquid mixture, two-phase flow, running bubble layer, contact-type heat and mass exchanger, and the vertical channel

Kostyuk O.P. Structural Peculiarities and the Methodology of the Thermal Design of the Contact-Type Heat Recovery Unit of Effluent Gases with the Running Bubble Layer . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 125-134.

The integrated simulation of the biogas plant that allows for the adjustment of the temperature of the heating heat carrier at the input of the heat exchanger built-in in the methane tank in the case of a change in the temperature of the heating heat carrier and at the heat exchanger output to maintain the functioning of the biogas plant using the heat pump that makes use of the fermented wort as a low potential energy source has been proposed. This provided an opportunity to save biogas in amount of 25,4 thousand m3/year in the case of the gas production in amount of 352,5 m3/day, as a result the increased marketability of the biogas unit (13,94 %) reduces the cost price of the electric energy and that of the heat production in the range of 20 % to 30 %.

Keywords:
cogeneration unit, biogas unit, heat pump and the fermentation

Chaykovska E.E., Molodkovec B.I. Integrated Simulation of the Biogas Plant Embedded into the Cogeneration System [Text] / E. E. Chaikovskaya, B. I. Molodkovets . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 135-142.

The plants of a pit type found wide application at the works involved in the production of reinforced concrete items that are characterized by high heat losses and a considerable level of the energy consumption. The scientific paper presented by the authors is devoted to the studies of the efficiency and the improvement of the heat insulation of the chambers of a pit type for the purpose of the changeover to the off-line mode of heat supply during the isothermal curing of the items using the cement exothermy heat and no additional source of the thermal energy. Theoretical and calculated investigations carried out by the authors allowed for the determination of heat insulation materials that are more efficient for the plants of a pit type and for bell-shaped chambers that can be an alternative for the pit-type by all parameters. The expenditures required to define the most efficient material for the outcome-to-quality ratio for all selected types of heat insulation materials were calculated. The authors of the scientific paper propose to use the mounting foam as the most efficient and the cheapest heat insulation material of those that were selected for the experiment.

Keywords:
optimization, reinforced concrete, cement exothermy, isothermal curing, and the steam cured chamber

Shulgin Yu.V., Zhnitov Ya.V. Optimization of the Heat Consumption Required for the Production of Reinforced Concrete Items Subjected to the Isothermal Curing in the Plant of a Pit Type . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 143-146.

Consideration was given to an increase in the energy saving due to the use of cogeneration technologies to convert boiler rooms into mini-heat stations. Using as an example UC “Kharkov Heat Networks”, we proposed to apply the advanced algorithm for the selection of boiler rooms to up-date them and use as mini-heat stations. The power of the electroengineering equipment operated by the boiler room is proposed as the main criterion for the algorithm. The main indices of the piston engine and gas turbine engines that are operated by power stations have been compared. Consideration was given to the equipment additionally mounted in the boiler room for the electric power generation. The choice of either option for the reconstruction of boiler-rooms is substantiated by technical and economic figures.

Keywords:
cogeneration, energy saving, heat station, boiler room, steam turbine, gas piston engine, gas turbine unit and the power supply utility.

Andreev S.Yu., Malyarenko V.A., Temnohud I.O., Seneckiy O.V. The Implementation of the Cogeneration Provides an Opportunity for an Increase in the Energy Efficiency of Heat Networks . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 147-155.

This scientific paper gives consideration to the main methods of the thermal modernization, and the thermal physical and economic efficiency of their implementation. An increase in prices for energy carriers made the scientists to seek for the methods of the reduction of their consumption. In complicated economic conditions exactly the thermal modernization of buildings allows for essential heat saving. Different specialists develop and propose their own methods of the realization of this process. An ample amount of engineering solutions are available for particular cases. However, to realize this process the generalized technique must be developed, which will allow us to reveal the most efficient methods of the thermal modernization and correct order of their implementation. Relying on theoretical and practical experience we can state with confidence that each individual method is the most efficient for the definite situation taking into consideration the implementation of several previous methods. The problem of the determination of the efficient sequence of the use of specific methods is defined as the most important

Keywords:
thermal modernization, heat exchange, heat capacity, heat transfer coefficient, thermal resistance, heat emission coefficient, and the temperature.

Zaycev D.V., Klimchuk O.A., Balasanyan G.A. Analysis of Key Approaches to the Thermal Modernization of Buildings and the Methods of their Use [Text] / D. V. Zaitsev, A. A. Klimchuk, G. A. Balasanian . NTU «KhPI» Bulletin: Series «Power and Heat Engineering Processes and Equipment». 2015. No. 17. Pp. 156-160.